Hypertonic disease is one of the most common pathologies of the heart, which is currently diagnosed with each third resident of our planet at the age of 45. In recent years, the disease has become much younger and now usually among the number of patients with hypertension that you can see very young people with high pressure. The main danger of the pathological state is in its complications. GB can lead to heart attacks and stroke, cause aneurysm to break the main vessels, cause the development of gross impaired kidney function and a clear deterioration in vision quality.
Human blood pressure has a higher, heart or systolic frequency, as well as diastolic or lower kidney pressure. According to WHO standards, the rule of these indicators should not exceed 139/89 mm Hg. Art. , Otherwise, it is customary to talk about hypertension. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of hypertension - a person's chance to prevent pathological changes from many internal organs, which will maintain health and enjoy a lifetime for many years.
Reasons
Unfortunately, modern medical science has not yet completely resolved all probable causes of hypertension, but most are known to doctors. To identify which factor led to the development of the disease, only an experienced specialist, who in the diagnostic process not only uses his knowledge, but also the results of numerous studies confirming or refuting the presence of signs of hypertension in one person.
The main reason for the growth of blood pressure is a violation of a person's sympathetic-adrenaline system activity, that is, the constant irritation of the center responsible for strengthening the vessels in the brain.
This can happen under the influence of numerous EXOS, as well as endogenous factors that contribute to a sudden colic of blood vessels.
Symptoms of hypertension may appear in people with exogenous factors so placed at the risk of developing a pathological state:
- Frequent tensions and severe nerve tension;
- inadequate nutrition;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- Irregular work day, work in a night shift;
- regular consumption in large amounts of strong alcohol and smoking;
- Drugs;
- Intensive sports.
Among the endogenous factors, age and low heredity are surfaced when the disease can move from parents to a child. In addition, the development of hypertension contributes to:
- Atherosclerosis of vascular lesions;
- obesity;
- Metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism;
- Kidney diseases;
- Increased levels of calcium and sodium in the blood;
- Hormonal changes, which are the most common cause of high pressure in women during pregnancy and menopause.
Classification
Currently, there is more than one hypertension classification. The disease is usually distinguished by the nature of the course, the presence of complications, the reasons for development, pressure indicators and more.
Modern cardiologists distinguish varying degrees of hypertension (depending on high pressure indicators):
- 1 degree of pressure increases to 159-140/99-90 mm hg. Art. ;
- 2 degrees the arrows of a mechanical tonomer, an indicator 179-160/109-100 mm RT is diagnosed. Art. ;
- 3 degree - persistent or periodic increase in pressure exceeding 180/110 mm hg. Art.
According to the generally accepted classification of hair, there are such stages of the disease:
- 1st increase in transient pressure of internship without damage to target organs;
- 2 Stages - The presence of signs of damage to the internal organs, including the main target is the heart, the blood vessels, the eye structures, the brain and the kidneys;
- Step 3 - A stable increase in blood pressure against the background of the development of complications, the manifestations of which a person can die.
Hypertensive disease has its own types of currents, including:
- A benign type or slow GB variant, when pathology symptoms develop very slowly for tens of years, and the risk of complications is at least evaluated;
- A malignant disease, in which clear heels, alive organ injuries and frequent hypertonic crises are recorded (this version of the disease is difficult to lend in drug therapy).
Symptoms
The disease in the early stages of its development continues almost asymptomatic, which complicates its early detection. In these patients, increased pressure can be found by accident when undergoing physical examination or during usual admission to the clinic.
A more complex type of hypertension characterizes a series of resources that significantly worsen a person's quality of life and are the reason for their appeal to experts. The main symptom of the disease is an increase in blood pressure above 140/90 mm hg. Art. This condition causes the development of headaches, which are the result of narrowing the reflex of the brain vessels. As a rule, people prone to hypertension complain about the appearance of pain in Nape and temples, which is pulsating, which is distinguished by its severity and sudden development. Such pain and pulse do not pass after taking analgesic agents.
Frequently, hypertension looks like soil dizziness, which can occur after doing simple work. The symptom is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, as well as poorly -staring due to an increase in intracranial pressure. The narrowing of the auditory apparatus vessels causes noise in the ears when it looks like a person that his ears are very placed, and he practically loses his ability to normally realize the sounds of the environment.
The violation of coronary blood flow leads to the development of myocardial ischemia. These patients are short of breath and cloth aches that are good for nitrate correction. The organ at this moment works in an improved mode to push the blood lot into narrow trunk vessels. Each attack of breast angina accompanies a fast pulse, a pronounced heartbeat and the risk that such a formidable complication of a pathological state appears as myocardial infarction.
With hypertension, the harmed eyes of the eyes with a clear deterioration in the vision and the development of the hypertension of retinal vessel hypertension are determined. The bottom of the eyes is also involved in the pathological process, which bloates and squeezes the visual nerve. Right now, a person watches "goose bumps" in front of his eyes, dark circles and things of the genre.
A complication of high pressure symptoms in women occurs more often during menopause when menopause occurs. During this period, hormonal restructuring occurs in the body of the weaker sex representative with a violation of biologically active substance production that controls the normal level of pressure. This is why hypertension is the most common consequence of menopause among women.
Complications
GB refers to the number of insidious diseases that are slowly progressing and are often diagnosed at the stage of the appearance of the first complications of the pathological process. With a constant increase in blood pressure in target organs, dystrophic and sclerotic changes occur, leading to gross disorders of functionality. First of all, kidneys, brain, heart, visual analyzer and blood vessels suffer from arterial hypertension.
There are several risk factors that affect the rate of development of complications with hypertension and the degree of its severity:
- bad habits, especially smoking;
- a sedentary lifestyle and an increase in body mass index;
- Increased blood cholesterol and hyperglycemia;
- Frequent tensions;
- a potassium and magnesium deficiency in the body;
- Age -related changes;
- Hereditary predisposition.
With a hypertensive disease, the heart is forced to work on high load conditions, which is associated with the need to push blood into narrowed vessels. Over time, the myocardial wall thickens and, in one person, there is left ventricular hypertrophy and the hunger of oxygen from the heart muscle.
On the heart side, various types of hypertension complications are distinguished:
- ischemic disease;
- Angina Pectoris;
- atherosclerosis of coronary vessels;
- Acute form of heart failure in the form of myocardial infarction;
- Chronic heart failure.
A high level of blood pressure causes the appearance of brain disorders in a person, which in practice manifests from severe dizziness, headaches, ears, memory reduction and more. There are several options for complex brain complications of hypertension:
- Encephalopathy with vestibular disorders;
- Ischemic and hemorrhagic spill;
- Cognitive disorders of brain activity.
As you know, the kidneys control the amount of water and salt in the body. But with an increase in blood pressure, they can completely perform their main work. This contributes to the emergence of various complications, including:
- Renal failure;
- Violation of the function of filtering and fluid release;
- nephrosclerosis.
Such disorders lead to the development of various symptoms in hypertension, which indicate a pathology of the kidneys. A sick person begins to complain about general weakness, as soon as it is, emergency, irrational nausea.
Eyes defeat is manifested by the occurrence of retinal bleeding, optic disc edema and a progressive loss of vision. On the part of peripheral vessels with arterial hypertension, the most formidable complication is the stratification of its wall, in particular, the known aortic aneurysm, which is formed and continued asymptomatic, usually causing a sudden fatal result.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of GB with the establishment of the internship and the degree of development of the disease is an important step for the appointment of proper treatment of the pathological condition. This is why, when the first signs indicate indicating a hypertensive disease, you should contact a medical institution immediately to find out the causes of increased pressure and methods of your correction.
A diagnostic measures complex in case of suspected hypertension includes several laboratory and instrumental studies, including:
- Laboratory blood test that allows to determine the level of potassium and magnesium, creatinine, harmful cholesterol, glucose and the like;
- Biochemical examination of urine with determining the amount of protein;
- Electrocardiography (ECG);
- Heart ultrasound examination;
- Doppler Floometry;
- Eye bottom inspection.
The diagnostic procedure for hypertension, which allows to determine the degree of disorders, consists of two stages:
- The first stage is the determination of the clinical manifestations of the disease of the words of hypertension and obtaining the results of additional studies;
- The second stage is a special study that allows you to determine the exact degree of the disease and the presence of its complications in the patient using magnetic resonance imaging (magnetic resonance imaging) or X-ray examination.
Daily monitoring of blood pressure allows the precise image of the disease. Thanks to it, you can define the range of pressure fluctuations throughout the day and determine your average indicator, which will characterize the degree of hypertension. The main disadvantage of such a study is its high cost.
Treatment
Treatment of hypertension exacerbations should occur in a cardiac hospital, where there is a possibility of constant control over the blood pressure level. In addition, if necessary, the doctor may change the patient's therapy plan and prescribe more effective medications for him in each specific clinical case.
They begin to treat the disease by appointing a special diet, which strictly limits table salt, fatty and fried dishes, as well as smoked meats, flour products. Hypertensive nutrition aims to improve the general condition, preventing the development of edema, weight normalization and the like.
According to new European recommendations, GB treatment should be comprehensive and should include various medications, the effect of which aims to reduce blood pressure and eliminate the risk of disease transformation into a malignant version of its course or the development of pathological state complications. Among the most commonly used drug groups for hypertension, they should be distinguished:
- Alpha-blockers;
- Gangulocators;
- ECA inhibitors;
- Betabloquers;
- calcium channel blockers;
- diuretics.
The doctor provides special attention to the nomination of diuretics. The fact is that not every diuretic is safe for the hypertension body due to its properties to wash potassium. This is why the use of such medications should be combined with the use of potassium preparations under the control of the biochemical composition of the blood. In addition, diuretics not only reduce pressure, but also eliminate tissue edema excreting excess sodium.
It is strictly forbidden to treat hypertension independently.
Nor is it recommended to use traditional medicine hypotensive medications without coordinating this use with the assistant doctor. The prohibited action, as the main against -indication, can cause an urgent hypertensive crisis and the need for the patient's immediate room in a specialized hospital to clarify the causes of complications and resolve the issue of new tactics of their elimination.
Prevention
For the prevention of hypertension, it is necessary to undergo a set of measures intended for timely detection and elimination of the risks of the development of a pathological state, as well as the already increased pressure stabilization. To avoid the occurrence of the first signs of the disease, a person should normalize their lifestyle, abandon bad habits and salt consumption, increase their physical activity and also lose weight. Private attention should be given to potential patients in which the risk of developing hypertension is hereditary. This category of people should always be at hand to measure the pressure, with which they can monitor their condition.
The occurrence of blood pressure disorders can be warned if:
- Lead an active lifestyle (medical physical education, fitness, massage, fresh air tours, skiing, swimming in the pool) and regularly training in the gym;
- abandon harmful food, smoke and not drink alcohol;
- Reduce salt to 3-4 g per day;
- Forbidding food with a high content of animal fat, preservatives, cholesterol;
- Observe a clear daily routine and practice a complete sleep;
- prevent the appearance of excess fat deposits, which cause obesity;
- Prevent stressful situations;
- regularly pass a preventive examination through a cardiologist and do the necessary tests;
- When the first signs of increasing pressure appear, seek medical help immediately.
People to whom the tendency to hypertension has been inherited should be aware of their health, play sports and examine regularly. The finished diagnosis of GB implies observation of patients' dispensaries and, if necessary, send them to the commission to establish the disability.